Physical Science Chemistry of Life Notes
Owen Borville
October 25, 2022
Organic Compound=covalently bonded compound containing carbon (electrons shared)
Bonding properties of carbon=
Four valence electrons=can bond with up to four other atoms
Can form single, double, and triple bonds
Strait chain arrangement of carbon atoms forming molecules
Branched chain arrangement of carbon molecules=more complex=branches=behaves differently than single chain
Ring structure=chain of carbon atoms forming a ring shape connected together=rings can also have branches or be attached to a chain
Hydrocarbons=molecule containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms=is organic compound
Hydrocarbon name=prefix=number of carbon atoms=ending=types of bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated hydrocarbon=has only single bonds between its carbon atoms=also called alkanes=name always ends in ane=low reactivity=examples are methane, propane, octane
Unsaturated hydrocarbon=has at least one double bond or triple bond between its carbon atoms=called alkenes or alkynes
Alkenes=contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms
Alkyne=contains at least one triple bond between carbon atoms
These two are more reactive than alkanes because other atoms can be added to them
Aromatic hydrocarbon=unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene structure
Benzene ring=a six-carbon unsaturated hydrocarbon ring with the electrons from the C-C bonds equally distributed among the carbon atoms=key feature of aromatic hydrocarbon
Isomers=compounds that have the same molecular formula but different atomic structures=small changes in structure can create major changes in chemical properties
Substituted hydrocarbon=at least one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced with another atom or atoms=the replacement atom or atoms are called a functional group
Functional group=an atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom to form a substituted hydrocarbon=also called a substituent
Types of Substituted hydrocarbons=
Alcohol=a substituted hydrocarbon=hydroxyl group (OH) replaces a hydrogen atom
Properties of alcohols=higher boiling points and greater solubility in water than other hydrocarbons=alcohols always have the -ol ending=examples=solvents, detergents, fuel additives
Aldehyde=a substituted hydrocarbon in which the replacement by and oxygen atom of a pair of hydrogen atoms at the end of a hydrocarbon chain forms a carbonyl group (C=O)=aldehydes have the -al ending. Uses=industry
Ketone=a substituted hydrocarbon in which a carbonyl group is present on a carbon atom that is not at the end of a chain=greater solubility in water=have the -one ending=Uses=solvents, medicine, polymers
Polymer=large molecule formed by linking smaller molecules, called monomers Ex. glucose
Monomer=a simple molecule that can link with other monomers to form large molecules called polymers=manmade polymers= nylon, polyethylene
Biological macromolecules
Carbohydrates=an organic compound comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms=basic energy source for living organisms=include starches and sugars
Protein=a biochemical polymer made of amino acids;proteins are the building blocks for animal cells
Amino acids=organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins, amino acids contain both an amine (NH2) and carboxyl group (OOH)
Sources of proteins=animals beans nuts
Lipid=organic compounds that provides long term energy storage in living organisms=fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol
Saturated fats are lipids with only single bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain They are typically solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fats are lipids with one or more double bonds in their fatty acids. They are typically liquid at room temperature.
Nucleic acid is a biochemical polymer that encodes, stores, and provides instructions for cellular processes. Nucleic acids are formed by linking nucleotides.
Nucleotide=any group of biochemical molecules that act as the monomers to make nucleic acids. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, a nitrogen
Owen Borville
October 25, 2022
Organic Compound=covalently bonded compound containing carbon (electrons shared)
Bonding properties of carbon=
Four valence electrons=can bond with up to four other atoms
Can form single, double, and triple bonds
Strait chain arrangement of carbon atoms forming molecules
Branched chain arrangement of carbon molecules=more complex=branches=behaves differently than single chain
Ring structure=chain of carbon atoms forming a ring shape connected together=rings can also have branches or be attached to a chain
Hydrocarbons=molecule containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms=is organic compound
Hydrocarbon name=prefix=number of carbon atoms=ending=types of bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated hydrocarbon=has only single bonds between its carbon atoms=also called alkanes=name always ends in ane=low reactivity=examples are methane, propane, octane
Unsaturated hydrocarbon=has at least one double bond or triple bond between its carbon atoms=called alkenes or alkynes
Alkenes=contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms
Alkyne=contains at least one triple bond between carbon atoms
These two are more reactive than alkanes because other atoms can be added to them
Aromatic hydrocarbon=unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene structure
Benzene ring=a six-carbon unsaturated hydrocarbon ring with the electrons from the C-C bonds equally distributed among the carbon atoms=key feature of aromatic hydrocarbon
Isomers=compounds that have the same molecular formula but different atomic structures=small changes in structure can create major changes in chemical properties
Substituted hydrocarbon=at least one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced with another atom or atoms=the replacement atom or atoms are called a functional group
Functional group=an atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom to form a substituted hydrocarbon=also called a substituent
Types of Substituted hydrocarbons=
Alcohol=a substituted hydrocarbon=hydroxyl group (OH) replaces a hydrogen atom
Properties of alcohols=higher boiling points and greater solubility in water than other hydrocarbons=alcohols always have the -ol ending=examples=solvents, detergents, fuel additives
Aldehyde=a substituted hydrocarbon in which the replacement by and oxygen atom of a pair of hydrogen atoms at the end of a hydrocarbon chain forms a carbonyl group (C=O)=aldehydes have the -al ending. Uses=industry
Ketone=a substituted hydrocarbon in which a carbonyl group is present on a carbon atom that is not at the end of a chain=greater solubility in water=have the -one ending=Uses=solvents, medicine, polymers
Polymer=large molecule formed by linking smaller molecules, called monomers Ex. glucose
Monomer=a simple molecule that can link with other monomers to form large molecules called polymers=manmade polymers= nylon, polyethylene
Biological macromolecules
Carbohydrates=an organic compound comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms=basic energy source for living organisms=include starches and sugars
Protein=a biochemical polymer made of amino acids;proteins are the building blocks for animal cells
Amino acids=organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins, amino acids contain both an amine (NH2) and carboxyl group (OOH)
Sources of proteins=animals beans nuts
Lipid=organic compounds that provides long term energy storage in living organisms=fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol
Saturated fats are lipids with only single bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain They are typically solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fats are lipids with one or more double bonds in their fatty acids. They are typically liquid at room temperature.
Nucleic acid is a biochemical polymer that encodes, stores, and provides instructions for cellular processes. Nucleic acids are formed by linking nucleotides.
Nucleotide=any group of biochemical molecules that act as the monomers to make nucleic acids. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, a nitrogen
